Relevance for UPSC: GS Paper II – Foreign Policy & Defence Partnerships

India and the United States have signed a landmark 10-year defence cooperation framework, marking a new phase in their strategic partnership. The agreement aims to advance peace, security, and stability in the Indo-Pacific region, strengthening India’s role as a key player in global defence collaboration.

Key Highlights of the Agreement

• The Framework for the U.S.–India Major Defence Partnership provides a long-term roadmap for collaboration in defence technology, military operations, and joint capacity-building.

• It focuses on deepening industrial cooperation, co-development of advanced defence systems, and supply chain resilience in the defence sector.

• Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific, aligning with India’s Act East Policy and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy.

• The agreement strengthens India’s status as a Major Defence Partner (MDP) of the U.S., formalised in 2016, and builds on existing defence frameworks such as:
  • LEMOA (Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement)

  • COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement)

  • BECA (Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement)

Strategic Importance

• For India:
  • Enhances access to cutting-edge defence technology and boosts indigenous defence manufacturing under the ‘Make in India’ initiative.

  • Reinforces India’s maritime security role, particularly in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

• For the U.S.:
  • Deepens engagement with a trusted regional partner amid increasing competition from China in the Indo-Pacific.

  • Expands its strategic footprint through joint military exercises, technology transfers, and intelligence sharing.

Challenges and the Road Ahead

• Implementation Gap: Turning the broad framework into tangible cooperation—joint production, R&D, and skill sharing—requires strong bureaucratic coordination.
  
• Strategic Autonomy: India must balance deepening defence ties with the U.S. while maintaining independent relations with other powers like Russia and France.
  
• Geopolitical Sensitivities: The pact may draw reactions from China and Pakistan, making diplomatic management crucial.

UPSC Prelims Question

With reference to the India–U.S. Defence Framework Agreement, consider the following statements:

1. It outlines a 10-year roadmap for cooperation in defence technology, logistics, and security in the Indo-Pacific.
   
2. The agreement replaces all previous foundational defence pacts between India and the U.S.
   
3. It aims to promote joint development and co-production of advanced defence systems.
   

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (a)

One-Line Wrap:

The 10-year India–U.S. defence framework signals a deeper strategic alignment — balancing technology, trust, and shared responsibility in the Indo-Pacific.