Relevance: GS Paper III – Agriculture, Food Processing, and Rural Development; Source: The Hindu BusinessLine, PIB
Context / Why in News
Makhana (Fox Nut or Gorgon Nut), an aquatic crop predominantly grown in Bihar’s wetlands, has gained global recognition as a nutritious superfood.
Makhana Cultivation
- Makhana is derived from the seeds of the Euryale ferox plant, a water lily species cultivated in stagnant ponds or low-lying wetlands.
- The crop thrives in water depths of 4–6 feet, requiring manual harvesting and sun-drying of seeds.
- Rich in protein, fiber, and antioxidants, makhana is recognised for its low-fat, gluten-free nutritional profile.
Key Facts
| Parameter | Details |
| Botanical Name | Euryale ferox |
| Major Producing State | Bihar (≈ 85–90% of India’s output) |
| Nature of Crop | Aquatic (grown in stagnant ponds and wetlands) |
| Key Uses | Edible seeds, snacks, traditional medicine |
| Policy Focus | Value addition, export promotion, GI tagging |
Economic and Policy Significance
- Bihar accounts for the largest share of production, particularly in Mithilanchal districts like Darbhanga, Madhubani, and Purnia.
- The Union Government has proposed setting up a Makhana Board to streamline processing, branding, and exports.
- Inclusion of makhana under GI tagging and promotion through PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM-FME) Scheme strengthen its value chain.
- Supports SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth), and SDG 12 (Responsible Production & Consumption) by promoting sustainable livelihoods and nutritional security.
Challenges
- Labour-intensive harvesting process and low mechanisation.
- Dependence on middlemen leading to lower returns for farmers.
- Climate sensitivity of wetlands threatens long-term productivity.
- Need for scientific cultivation, post-harvest technology, and export certification to enhance competitiveness.
UPSC Prelims Practice Question
- With reference to “Makhana” cultivation in India, consider the following statements:
- It is grown mainly in water-logged wetlands and ponds.
- Bihar accounts for nearly 90% of India’s makhana production.
- It is classified as a cereal crop under the MSP framework.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (a)
One-line Wrap:
Bihar’s makhana showcases how traditional crops, when supported by modern policy and processing, can power India’s rural economy and global agri-exports.
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