Relevance for UPSC: GS III (Environment, Ecology, Sustainable Development); GS IV (Ethics, Environmental Justice)
Source: Indian Express 

Context

Madhav Gadgil (1942–2026) was a leading Indian ecologist who redefined environmental thinking by integrating ecology, development, and democratic participation. His work challenged growth models that ignored ecological limits and social consequences.

Core Ideas and Contributions

• People-centric Ecology: Gadgil argued that Indian forests are cultural landscapes, shaped by long-term human–nature interaction, not untouched wilderness.
• Ecology and Social Justice: He highlighted that environmental degradation disproportionately harms poor, tribal and marginal communities, making sustainability an ethical issue.
• Decentralised Governance: Strongly advocated Gram Sabha-led environmental decision-making, especially in ecologically fragile regions.

Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel

As Chair, Gadgil proposed classifying large parts of the Western Ghats as Ecologically Sensitive Areas, with graded regulation of mining, dams and tourism. Though politically diluted, the report’s warnings have gained relevance amid repeated floods and landslides.

Why Gadgil Matters Today

His ideas underline that long-term development, disaster resilience and biodiversity protection are inseparable from participatory governance and scientific integrity.

Q. Madhav Gadgil’s approach to environmental conservation emphasised:
(a) Exclusion of local communities from forests
(b) Market-based ecological regulation
(c) Centralised conservation planning
(d) Community participation and decentralised governance

Correct Answer: (d)