Relevance: GS-III (Science & Technology) | Source: United Nations, standard physics texts

Context

In 1925, work by Werner Heisenberg laid the foundation of modern quantum mechanics. Recognising its transformative impact, the United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.

Core Idea 

Quantum physics explains nature at atomic and sub-atomic scales, where energy exists in discrete packets (quanta) and matter shows wave–particle duality. Physical outcomes are governed by probability, not classical certainty.

Why It Matters

Quantum theory underpins key technologies:

  • Semiconductors (computers, smartphones)
  • Lasers (communication, surgery)
  • Nuclear energy
  • Medical imaging (MRI, PET scans)

Indian Contribution & Policy Link

Satyendra Nath Bose developed Bose–Einstein statistics, while C. V. Raman established quantum light–matter interaction. Today, India’s National Quantum Mission aims to build capabilities in quantum computing, communication and sensing for strategic and economic security.

UPSC Value Box 

  • Key Concept: Quantum – the smallest discrete unit in which energy is absorbed or emitted.
  • Key Principle: Wave–particle duality – matter and radiation exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behaviour.
  • Institution / Policy: National Quantum Mission (India) – national framework to develop quantum technologies for computing, communication, sensing and materials.

UPSC Prelims Question

Q. Which of the following technologies fundamentally rely on principles of quantum physics?

  1. Lasers
  2. Semiconductors
  3. Nuclear reactors

Select the correct answer:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

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