Relevance for UPSC: GS-II (Constitution), GS-III (Environment)
Source: The Hindu ; Supreme Court of India; media reports

Context

While hearing cases related to the Great Indian Bustard, the Supreme Court held that corporates have a constitutional duty to protect the ecosystem. 

The Court clarified that environmental protection is an integral part of Corporate Social Responsibility, not a voluntary or charitable activity.

Key Observations

• Corporates are important actors in environmental governance, not mere profit-making entities.
• Economic activity must operate within ecological limits, especially in sensitive areas.
• Environmental degradation cannot be justified on grounds of development or investment.

Constitutional & Legal Basis

• Article 51A(g): Fundamental duty to protect and improve the environment.
• Article 21: Right to life includes the right to a clean and healthy environment.
• Article 48A: State’s duty to protect forests and wildlife.
• Reinforced principles:
  • Polluter Pays Principle
  • Precautionary Principle
  • Public Trust Doctrine

Significance

• Strengthens corporate accountability in environmental protection.
• Supports species conservation and sustainable development.
• Expands the scope of Fundamental Duties beyond individuals.

The judgment reinforces that development and environmental protection are inseparable, and corporates must act as responsible custodians of natural resources.

Q. With reference to corporate environmental responsibility, consider the following statements:

1. Article 51A(g) imposes a duty only on the State, not on private entities.
2. The Supreme Court has linked Corporate Social Responsibility with environmental protection.
3. The Public Trust Doctrine requires the State to protect natural resources for future generations.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3