Relevance: GS III (Science & Technology – IT & Computers, Environment) | Source: The Hindu

1. Context

• The Problem with the old computers: Traditional computers use von Neumann architecture, which physically separates the processing unit (the CPU) and memory (The Hard Disc). Transferring data between them consumes massive amounts of energy, making AI data centers environmentally unsustainable.
• The Solution: Neuromorphic Computing mimics the human brain by processing and storing data in the exact same physical location (like biological synapses), drastically reducing energy use.

2. The Hardware: What is a Memristor?

• Definition: A combination of “Memory” and “Resistor”. It is the foundational hardware for neuromorphic computing.
• Non-Volatile: It retains its electrical resistance state (memory) even when the power supply is completely turned off.
• Analog Processing: Unlike traditional bits that are strictly binary (0 or 1), memristors can represent a continuous range of values, making them highly efficient for complex AI calculations.
• Recent Breakthrough: Scientists successfully used Hafnium oxide to build memristors, which can potentially cut AI energy consumption by up to 70%.

3. Strategic Importance for India

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Investing in next-generation memristor technology ensures India leaps ahead in domestic chip manufacturing rather than relying on outdated architectures.
• IndiaAI Mission: Low-energy neuromorphic chips will drastically reduce the massive electricity and cooling costs associated with scaling India’s AI infrastructure.

The “UPSC Trap”

• The “Data Transfer” Trap: UPSC might state that memristors make data transfer between the CPU and memory ultra-fast. Incorrect. They eliminate the need for transfer by combining memory and processing into one unit

With reference to emerging computing technologies and artificial intelligence hardware, consider the following statements:

1. Neuromorphic computing aims to mimic the human brain by integrating data processing and memory storage within the same physical component.
2. A memristor is a volatile memory component that completely loses its stored electrical state once the power supply is disconnected.
3. Traditional modern computers primarily operate on the von Neumann architecture, which physically separates the processing unit from the memory unit.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer: (b)