Relevance: GS II (International Relations) & GS III (Energy Security); Source: The Hindu / Indian Express

Context

Iran is witnessing nationwide protests challenging the theocratic order, triggered by economic hardship and demands for civil liberties. The state response has been severe, involving the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The crisis risks escalating from internal unrest to a wider regional conflict involving the US and Israel.

Key Dynamics

• Internal Conflict: A clash between popular dissent and the security establishment (Basij Militia & Judiciary). The state labels protests as “riots” to justify crackdowns.
• External Risks: Potential intervention by the US or Israel could internationalize the crisis. Any conflict near the Strait of Hormuz (a critical global oil chokepoint) threatens global energy stability.

Why It Matters to India

1. Connectivity (Chabahar): Iran is India’s gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia (via INSTC). Prolonged instability puts the Chabahar Port project and trade routes at risk.
2. Energy Security: India imports 80%+ of its oil. Regional tension raises crude prices, directly impacting India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) and inflation.
3. Strategic Autonomy: India must balance its civilizational ties with Iran against its strategic partnership with the US/Israel, avoiding entanglement in internal disputes.

UPSC Value Box: Strategic Terms

1. With reference to the geostrategic location of Iran, consider the following statements:

1. The Chabahar Port is located in the Gulf of Oman.
2. The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea.
3. Iran shares land borders with both Afghanistan and Turkey.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer: (b)