Relevance for UPSC (GS Paper III – Environment & Ecology) •
Source: Times of India
The report highlights rising threats to India’s medicinal plant diversity due to over-harvesting, habitat loss and climate stress, reinforcing the need for stronger conservation measures.
What is Herbal Biodiversity?
Herbal biodiversity refers to the variety, genetic diversity, and natural habitats of plants used in medicine, especially Ayurveda, Siddha and folk systems.
Examples of Medicinal Species at Risk
Species | Uses / Notes |
| Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) | Anti-hypertensive; heavily over-collected. |
| Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) | Aromatic herb; threatened in Himalayan habitats. |
| Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra) | Cough remedies; pressure from commercial extraction. |
| Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) | Vitamin-rich fruit; key in Ayurveda formulations. |
Need for Protection
- India hosts 8,000+ medicinal plant species, but many face decline.
- Loss of herbal species weakens AYUSH systems, local healthcare and rural livelihoods.
- Climate change and land degradation reduce natural regeneration.
- Supports SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 3 (Good Health).
Measures, Schemes & Solutions
Initiative / Concept | Key Points |
| In-situ Conservation | Protecting species in natural habitats (e.g., Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas—210+ sites in 21 states). |
| Ex-situ Measures | Nurseries, herbal gardens, seed banks (e.g., National Medicinal Plants Board initiatives). |
| Central Sector Scheme for Conservation of Medicinal Plants | Focus on sustainable harvesting, cultivation support, value addition. |
| Community Involvement | Tribal groups (e.g., in Western Ghats, Northeast) play key role in monitoring wild species. |
| Regulated Trade & Cultivation | Encouraging farmers to grow high-demand herbs like Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Shatavari. |
Mains Question:
Herbal biodiversity in India is declining due to over-extraction and habitat loss. Briefly examine the reasons for this trend and suggest key measures to strengthen medicinal plant conservation.
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