Relevance for UPSC: GS Paper II (Public Health, Governance) | GS Paper III (Environment, Development)
Source: Ministry of Health reports; World Health Organization

Context

India aims to eliminate malaria by 2030, but this goal is increasingly threatened by the spread of the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Unlike traditional malaria vectors that are largely rural, this species is urban-adapted, marking a critical shift in India’s malaria profile.

Why Anopheles stephensi Is a Game-Changer

• Breeds in man-made water containers (overhead tanks, tyres, construction sites), common in cities.
• Efficient transmitter of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
• Drives urban malaria, where population density, informal settlements and fragmented municipal services weaken vector control.

Current Status & Risks

• India has achieved a steep decline in malaria cases and deaths since 2015, entering a pre-elimination phase.
• However, malaria now persists in localised high-burden pockets (for example Odisha and parts of the North-East).
• The spread of invasive urban vectors risks reversal of gains, especially in fast-growing cities.

Q. With reference to Anopheles stephensi, consider the following statements:

1. It is an invasive mosquito species well adapted to urban environments.
2. Its spread poses a challenge to India’s malaria elimination target.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2