Relevance for UPSC: GS II (Polity & Governance), GS I (Society & Rural Issues); Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

Core Issue

The Haryana government has amended the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, 1961 (as applicable to Haryana) to regularise long-standing unauthorised occupation of village commons (Shamilat Deh) by allowing occupants to obtain ownership after paying compensation to gram panchayats.

Why in News

The move seeks to reduce prolonged litigation, provide administrative clarity to decades-old informal settlements, and generate revenue for local bodies. 

However, it raises concerns about legitimising illegality, elite capture, and erosion of commons crucial for grazing, livelihoods, and ecological balance.

Constitutional & Governance Perspective

  • Article 39(b) mandates equitable distribution of material resources for the common good.
  • Article 243G entrusts panchayats with safeguarding community assets.
  • Public Trust Doctrine views the State as a trustee, not an owner, of commons.
UPSC Value Box

Shamilat Deh: Village common land used for grazing, fuel, and community needs.
Key Risk: Market-based regularisation may marginalise Dalits and landless groups.
Governance Debate: Administrative efficiency vs social justice.
SDG Link: SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 15 (Life on Land).

Q. The Public Trust Doctrine primarily implies that:
A. All public land can be privatised by the State
B. The State holds natural and common resources in trust for the people
C. Encroachments become legal after long possession
D. Panchayats have absolute ownership over village lands

Correct Answer: B

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