Relevance: GS-1 (Geography – Soils), GS-3 (Agriculture); Source: FAO, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Context:World Soil Day highlights the importance of healthy soils for food security and sustainable farming.
Soil Types in India:
India’s soils range from Alluvial (Indo-Gangetic plains), Black (Deccan basalt), Red (peninsular crystalline rocks), Laterite (humid tropics), Arid (Rajasthan), Mountain soils (Himalayas), and Saline–Alkaline soils (dry regions)—each shaped by climate, parent rock and relief.
Soil: Problems and Solutions
Problem | UPSC-Relevant Solutions |
| Soil erosion | Contour bunding, watershed projects |
| Declining fertility | Integrated nutrient management |
| Salinity/alkalinity | Gypsum application, better drainage |
| Organic matter loss | Crop residue retention, composting |
| Overuse of chemicals | Promotion of natural/organic farming |
Government Schemes
- Soil Health Card Scheme – nutrient-based advisories.
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana – supports organic farming.
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – soil conservation and climate-resilient practices.
Q. With reference to soils of India, consider the following statements:
- Red soils are generally rich in nitrogen and humus but poor in iron content.
- Black cotton soils show high moisture retention because of the presence of montmorillonite clay minerals.
- Laterite soils are typically found in high-rainfall areas and are formed due to intense leaching.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
Correct Answer: (a) 2 and 3 only
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